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Anatomy and physiology of pregnancy, fetal development, labor, postpartum, and breastfeeding
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Emotions of pregnancy
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Pain management techniques
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Medical procedures used in labor
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Labor variations and complications, including Cesarean birth
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The emotional and psychological aspects of giving birth and its significance in women's lives
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The doula's role, professional ethics, standards of practice, and certification
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Emotional support and physical comfort measures
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Support for difficult labors, Cesarean birth, and vaginal birth after Cesarean